编译|未玖Nature, 23 January 2025, Volume 637, Issue 8047《天然》2025年1月23日，第637卷，8047期?地理学AstronomyField–particle energy transfer during chorus emissions in space空间合声波发射进程中的场-粒子能量转移▲ 作者：C. M. Liu, B. N. Zhao, J. B. Cao, C. J. Pollock, C. T. Russell, Y. Y. Liu, et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08402-z▲择要：合声波是太空中天然产生的最强电磁辐射之一，可能发生对人类跟卫星无害的辐射。只管合声波已惹起了人们极年夜的兴致，并被深刻研讨了多少十年，但其发生跟演化仍存在高度争议。与合声波由行星偶极磁场把持的传统预期相反，研讨组在不存在磁偶极影响的地球中性片地区中观察到反复升调合声波。应用美国航空航天局（NASA）MMS义务的高节拍数据，研讨组展现了波场跟波内三维电子散布的超快丈量，这为波相空间中合声波电子彼此感化跟电子空穴的开展供给了证据。他们发明这些波与反平行于波磁场的共振电流有关，正如非线性波实践所猜测的那样。研讨组估量了合声波外部的非线性场-粒子能量通报，发明波从部分热电子中提取能量，这与由不稳固性剖析得出的波的正增加率坚持分歧。该观察可能有助于处理临时以来对于合声波发射的争议，并有助于懂得在空间跟天体物理情况中观察到的能量传输。▲ Abstract：Chorus waves are some of the strongest electromagnetic emissions naturally occurring in space and can cause radiation that is hazardous to humans and satellites. Although chorus waves have attracted extreme interest and been intensively studied for decades, their generation and evolution remain highly debated. Here, in contrast to the conventional expectation that chorus waves are governed by planetary magnetic dipolar fields, we report observations of repetitive, rising-tone chorus waves in the terrestrial neutral sheet, where the effects of the magnetic dipole are absent. Using high-cadence data from NASA’s MMS mission, we present ultrafast measurements of the wave fields and three-dimensional electron distributions within the waves, which provides evidence for chorus–electron interactions and the development of electron holes in the wave phase space. We found that the waves are associated with resonant currents antiparallel to the wave magnetic field, as predicted by nonlinear wave theory. We estimated the nonlinear field–particle energy transfer inside the waves, finding that the waves extract energy from local thermal electrons, in line with the positive growth rate of the waves derived from an instability analysis. Our observations may help to resolve long-standing controversies regarding chorus emissions and in gaining an understanding of the energy transport observed in space and astrophysical environments.资料迷信Materials ScienceSuperconductivity in twisted bilayer WSe2歪曲双层WSe2的超导性▲ 作者：Yiyu Xia, Zhongdong Han, Kenji Watanabe, Takashi Taniguchi, Jie Shan Kin Fai Mak▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08116-2▲择要：莫尔资料已实现了平电子带以及由与平带相干的强关系驱动的量子相。人们仅在石墨烯纳米资料中察看到超导性，在石墨烯之外的莫尔资料（如半导体莫尔资料）中尚未发明持重的超导性，这还是一个谜，并挑衅了人们现在对平带超导性的懂得。研讨组报道了在存在六方莫尔晶格的3.5°跟3.65°歪曲双层二硒化钨（WSe2）中察看到的持重超导性。在半带添补跟零外部位移场邻近呈现超导性。两种情形下的最佳超导改变温度约为200mK，约占领效费米温度的1~2%；后者的值与低温铜酸盐超导体的值相称，并标明存在强配对。超导体在半带添补物高低与两种差别的金属相邻；经由过程调理外部位移场，可使其持续跃迁至相干绝缘子。在库仑引诱的电荷局域化边沿察看到超导性，标明其本源在于强电子关系。▲ Abstract：Moiré materials have enabled the realization of flat electron bands and quantum phases that are driven by the strong correlations associated with flat bands. Superconductivity has been observed, but only in graphene moiré materials. The absence of robust superconductivity in moiré materials beyond graphene, such as semiconductor moiré materials, has remained a mystery and challenged our current understanding of superconductivity in flat bands. Here we report the observation of robust superconductivity in both 3.5° and 3.65° twisted bilayer tungsten diselenide (WSe2), which hosts a hexagonal moiré lattice. Superconductivity emerges near half-band filling and zero external displacement fields. The optimal superconducting transition temperature is about 200mK in both cases and constitutes about 1–2% of the effective Fermi temperature; the latter is comparable to the value in high-temperature cuprate superconductors and suggests strong pairing. The superconductor borders on two distinct metals below and above half-band filling; it undergoes a continuous transition to a correlated insulator by tuning the external displacement field. The observed superconductivity on the verge of Coulomb-induced charge localization suggests roots in strong electron correlations.All-solid-state Li–S batteries with fast solid–solid sulfur reaction存在疾速固-固硫反映的全固态锂硫电池▲ 作者：Huimin Song, Konrad Münch, Xu Liu, Kaier Shen, Ruizhuo Zhang, Timo Weintraut, et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08298-9▲择要：全固态锂硫电池（ASSLSB）存在高比能、高保险性跟低本钱的长处，是下一代储能的幻想抉择。但是，因三相界限处迟缓的固-固硫氧化复原反映（SSSRR）招致的速度机能差跟轮回寿命短的成绩仍有待处理。研讨组展现了一种由硫代磷酸碘化锂（LBPSI）玻璃相固体电解质（GSEs）实现的疾速SSSRR。基于I?跟I2/I3?之间的可逆氧化复原，固体电解质（SE）不只作为超离子导体，还可作为名义氧化复原介质，增进了固-固两相界限处的迟缓反映，从而年夜年夜增添了活性位点的密度。经由过程这种机制，ASSLSB表示出超快充电才能，在2C（30°C）充电时表现出1497 mAh g?1硫的高比容量，而在20C时仍坚持784 mAh g?1硫。值得留神的是，在60°C下以150 C的极限速度充电时，仍可实现432 mAh g?1硫的比容量。别的，该电池在5C（25°C）下存在超越25000次轮回的优良轮回稳固性，容量坚持率为80.2%。研讨组期望这项氧化复原介导SSSRR的任务将为开辟高能量且保险的进步ASSLSBs摊平途径。▲ Abstract：With promises for high specific energy, high safety and low cost, the all-solid-state lithium–sulfur battery (ASSLSB) is ideal for next-generation energy storage. However, the poor rate performance and short cycle life caused by the sluggish solid–solid sulfur redox reaction (SSSRR) at the three-phase boundaries remain to be solved. Here we demonstrate a fast SSSRR enabled by lithium thioborophosphate iodide (LBPSI) glass-phase solid electrolytes (GSEs). On the basis of the reversible redox between I? andI2/I3?, the solid electrolyte (SE)—as well as serving as a superionic conductor—functions as a surficial redox mediator that facilitates the sluggish reactions at the solid–solid two-phase boundaries, thereby substantially increasing the density of active sites. Through this mechanism, the ASSLSB exhibits ultrafast charging capability, showing a high specific capacity of 1,497 mAhg?1sulfur on charging at 2C (30°C), while still maintaining 784mAh g?1sulfur at 20C. Notably, a specific capacity of 432 mAh g?1sulfur is achieved on charging at an extreme rate of 150C at 60°C. Furthermore, the cell demonstrates superior cycling stability over 25,000 cycles with 80.2% capacity retention at 5C (25°C). We expect that our work on redox-mediated SSSRR will pave the way for developing advanced ASSLSBs that are high energy and safe.化学ChemistryBilayer nanographene reveals halide permeation through a benzene hole双层纳米石墨烯提醒卤化物经由过程苯环孔浸透▲ 作者：M. A. Niyas, Kazutaka Shoyama, Matthias Grüne Frank Würthner▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08299-8▲择要：石墨烯是一种单层sp2杂化碳同素异形体，它对除氢以外的全部原子实体都弗成浸透。缺点的引入容许抉择性气体浸透；人们已尽力把持这些缺点的巨细以取得更高的抉择性。离子等除气体以外其余实体的浸透，因其在海水淡化、检测跟污染方面的潜伏利用而存在严重迷信意思。但是，到现在为止，对卤化物浸透的准确试验察看依然未知。研讨组展现了卤化物经由过程分子纳米石墨烯中单个苯环巨细的缺点停止浸透。应用超分子自组装道理，他们发明了一个稳固的纳米石墨烯双分子层。因为双层纳米石墨烯的空腔只能经由过程两个埃巨细的窗口进入，任何被捕捉在空腔中的卤化物都必需经由过程单个苯环孔浸透。该试验提醒了氟化物、氯化物跟溴化物经由过程单个苯环孔的浸透性，而碘化物是弗成浸透的。单层纳米石墨烯中氯化物的高浸透性跟双层纳米石墨烯当选择性联合卤化物的证据，为将石墨烯中的单个苯环缺点用于人工卤化物受体、过滤膜以及进一步创立多层人工氯化物通道供给了潜力。▲ Abstract：Graphene is a single-layered sp2-hybridized carbon allotrope, which is impermeable to all atomic entities other than hydrogen. The introduction of defects allows selective gas permeation; efforts have been made to control the size of these defects for higher selectivity. Permeation of entities other than gases, such as ions, is of fundamental scientific interest because of its potential application in desalination, detection and purification. However, a precise experimental observation of halide permeation has so far remained unknown. Here we show halide permeation through a single benzene-sized defect in a molecular nanographene. Using supramolecular principles of self-aggregation, we created a stable bilayer of the nanographene. As the cavity in the bilayer nanographene could be accessed only by two angstrom-sized windows, any halide that gets trapped inside the cavity has to permeate through the single benzene hole. Our experiments reveal the permeability of fluoride, chloride and bromide through a single benzene hole, whereas iodide is impermeable. Evidence for high permeation of chloride across single-layer nanographene and selective halide binding in a bilayer nanographene provides promise for the use of single benzene defects in graphene for artificial halide receptors, as filtration membranes and further to create multilayer artificial chloride channels.Entanglement and iSWAP gate between molecular qubits分子量子位之间的胶葛跟iSWAP门▲ 作者：Lewis R. B. Picard, Annie J. Park, Gabriel E. Patenotte, Samuel Gebretsadkan, David Wellnitz, Ana Maria Rey, et al.▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08177-3▲择要：量子盘算跟量子模仿依附于存在可控交互的长命命量子位。人们提出捕捉极性分子可作为一种有远景的量子盘算平台，存在可扩大性跟单粒子寻址才能，同时仍可应用其固有庞杂性跟强耦合性。单量子态制备跟单个捕捉分子的超精致扭转态相关性的最新停顿使这种量子位颇具远景，分子间偶极彼此感化发生胶葛。但是，通用的双量子位门尚未在分子中失掉证明。研讨组经由过程本征分子资本，应用独自捕捉的X1Σ+ NaCs分子来实现双量子位iSWAP门。经由过程将分子在1.9 μm的间隔上交互664 μs，在两个分子同时存在的情形下创立了保真度为94（3）%的最年夜胶葛贝尔态。应用活动-扭转耦合，沿轴向捕捉偏向丈量了最低活动态的剩余激起，并发明其是退相关的重要起源。最后，研讨组在编码量子位的基态扭转能级内断定了两个非交互的超精致态。经由过程在交互跟非交互状况之间转换来切换交互，以实现iSWAP门。研讨组经由过程丈量其逻辑真值表来验证门的机能。▲ Abstract：Quantum computation and simulation rely on long-lived qubits with controllable interactions. Trapped polar molecules have been proposed as a promising quantum computing platform, offering scalability and single-particle addressability while still leveraging inherent complexity and strong couplings of molecules. Recent progress in the single quantum state preparation and coherence of the hyperfine-rotational states of individually trapped molecules allows them to serve as promising qubits, with intermolecular dipolar interactions creating entanglement. However, universal two-qubit gates have not been demonstrated with molecules. Here we harness intrinsic molecular resources to implement a two-qubit iSWAP gate using individually trapped X1Σ+ NaCs molecules. By allowing the molecules to interact for 664μs at a distance of 1.9μm, we create a maximally entangled Bell state with a fidelity of 94(3)% in trials in which both molecules are present. Using motion–rotation coupling, we measure residual excitation of the lowest few motional states along the axial trapping direction and find them to be the primary source of decoherence. Finally, we identify two non-interacting hyperfine states within the ground rotational level in which we encode a qubit. The interaction is toggled by transferring between interacting and non-interacting states to realize an iSWAP gate. We verify the gate performance by measuring its logical truth table.地球迷信Earth ScienceClouds reduce downwelling longwave radiation over land in a warming climate在气象变暖的情形下，云层增加了海洋的下行长波辐射▲ 作者：Lei Liu, Yi Huang John R. Gyakum▲链接：https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08323-x▲择要：云层极年夜地影响着地球的能量均衡。观察束缚云辐射反应是一种显明不断定的气象反应机制，对改良气象变更的猜测至关主要，但迄今为止，这还是一个难以捉摸的目的，且大陆跟海洋上的反应可能差别。研讨组展现了年夜平原南部海洋上的部分负地表长波云反应，遭到光谱辨别下行长波辐射的直接临时观察的束缚。这种在年夜平原南部地域的负云反应招致下行长波辐射每10年增加1.77±1.15Wm?2，这标明云的变更可能局部调理了海洋上温室气体浓度增添跟年夜气温度降低的变暖效应。详细而言，该成果源于一种最佳的光谱指纹辨认方式，旨在经由过程应用光谱辨别辐射临时记载中的奇特光谱特点，将名义长波云反应与其余地表逼迫跟反应分别开来。别的，研讨组还标明，该成果并非特定于站点：在再剖析跟卫星数据会合，平日在海洋上察看到由变暖气象下低云笼罩增加惹起的负地表长波云反应。该发明树立了验证海洋气象模子机能所需的辐射逼迫跟反应的要害观察基准。▲ Abstract：Clouds greatly influence the Earth’s energy balance. Observationally constraining cloud radiative feedback, a notably uncertain climate feedback mechanism, is crucial for improving predictions of climate change but, so far, remains an elusive objective, and the feedback may be different over the ocean versus over land. Here we show a local negative surface longwave cloud feedback over land at the southern Great Plains site, constrained by direct long-term observation of spectrally resolved downwelling longwave radiance. This negative cloud feedback at the southern Great Plains site causes a 1.77 ± 1.15 W m?2per decade change in downwelling longwave radiation and suggests that cloud changes may partially modulate the warming effect of increased greenhouse gas concentrations and atmospheric temperatures over land. Specifically, our results are derived from an optimal spectral fingerprinting method designed to separate surface longwave cloud feedback from other surface forcings and feedbacks, by making use of their unique spectral signatures in the long-term record of spectrally resolved radiances. Furthermore, we show that the results are not site specific: negative surface longwave cloud feedbacks, primarily induced by decreasing low cloud cover in warming climates, are commonly observed over land in reanalysis and satellite datasets. Our findings establish a pivotal observational benchmark of radiative forcing and feedback needed for validating climate model performance over land.